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无意识的One key element of human language is semantics语义）.Scientists had long thought that unlike ourwords.animal vocalizations(发声)wginvoluntarreflecting the emotional state of the animal withoutconveving any other information.Butastfour decades,numerous studies have shown thatarious animals have distinct calls with specific meaningsMany bird species use different alarm calls.Japanese tits,which nest in tree holes,have one call thatcauses their baby birds to get down to avoid being pulled out of the nest by crows,and another call fortree snakes that sends themjumping out of the nest entirely.Siberian jays vary their calls depending onwhether an enemy is seen looking for food or actively attackingand each call gets a different responsefrom other nearby birds.Two recent studies suggest that theder osome birasalizations may impact their meaningThough the idea is still controversial,this could represent a basic form of the rules governing the orderand combination of words and elements in human language known as syntax(),as illustrated by theclassic“dog bites man'”vs.“man bites dog”example.Even if some birds share basic aspects of human language,we still know very little about what'sactually going on in their minds.Most animal communication research has focused on describing signalsand behavior,which on the surface can look a lot like human behavior.Determining if the underlyingcognitive (processes driving the behavior are also similar is much more challenging,as at theheart of thi question is intentionalityAre animals merely reacting to their environment,or do they intendto conveinformation to one another32-35DBADwaat was scientists'long-held belief about animal vocalizations?A.They conveyed no emotion.B.They were semantically related.C.They varied greatly with speciesD.They expressed no intended meaning33.How does the author develop paragraph 2?A.By listing data.P.By giving examples.C.By providing definition.D.By making comparisons.r bouons om0t019m0Whates the underlined word this"in paragraph 3 refer to?What birds'vocalizations mean.B.How rules govern human language.What the two recent studies indicate.D.How bird's vocalizations are combined.507b5182What does the last paragraph mainly tell us?A.Shared aspects of human and birds'languages.g200折2年00n50n7D0时90月9B.Focus of most animal communication research.6n5506%n341江s5976g了4C.Underlying cognitive processes of birds'vocalizations.25659星0时2a2aD.Insufficient knowledge about birds'communication intentionality.